1.
Animal
types exist & fill niches
2.
Animal
types form populations
3.
Populations
are composed of unique individuals
4.
Individuals
are not equally successful or favored
Principles
of Evolution proposed by Darwin and Wallace:
5.
Success
or superiority is context specific
6.
Overpopulation
occurs and creates intrapopulation (intraspecific) competition
7.
Competition
causes “favored” or “superior” individuals to survive and reproduce more often
8.
Successful
“favored” traits become prevalent in future generations
a.
Conclusion:
level of selection pressure and generation time determines the rate of change
Principles
of Evolution that support ideas proposed by Darwin and Wallace:
9.
Traits
are passed through gametes
10.
Gametes
contain instructions for inheritance written in nucleotide polymers
11.
Nucleotide
polymers in Eukaryotic DNA are organized into chromosomes
12.
Chromosome
genes (segments) code for heritable traits
13.
Traits
have multiple alleles for associated genes
a.
Traits
with individual diversity have allelic diversity (individual diversity =
allelic diversity)
14.
Allelic
frequencies can change over time
Questions:
Ø What
are some examples of animals that are specialists?
Ø What
kind of environment do specialists live in?
Ø Allele
diversity must be ________ for a population to evolve.
Ø Is
niche segregation the only cause of specialization?
Ø What
factors promote niche segregation?
Ø What
is a more productive ecosystem, one full of specialists or one full of
generalists?
Ø Are
specialists better competitors than generalists?
Ø What
is the cause of the decline of the black footed ferret?
Ø What
2 processes play a large role in specialization occurring?
Ø What
limits gene flow?
Ø What
is an example of specialization sensitivity?
Ø Why
are specialists so sensitive to change?
Ø What
is an example of naïve prey?
Ø What
is an example of a pre-adapted predator?
Ø Is
mating success always caused by sexual selection?
Ø What
is evolution? Can individuals evolve?
Ø What
are four ways adaptation (specialization) occurs? Natural Selection à Adaptation
o
Give an example & description of each –
remember to indicate if there is a common ancestor
Ø Is
specialization a consequence of Natural Selection?
Ø What
are some of the characteristics of generalists?
Ø T/F –
Only the realized niche is affected in a specialist population
Matching: match a term in column A with a definition in column B, then match that with an example in column C.
|
Co-evolution
|
Superior traits are
selected for and become prevalent in the population over many generations.
This process causes the allele frequency in the population to change.
|
Several species of
birds and lizards are now extinct due to the inability of these species to
prevent predation of the brown tree snake.
|
|
Specialist
|
A population that is
exploited by new predators because of the lack of co-evolution with that
predator.
|
The smallest unit of
evolution, adaptation, or allele frequency change made up of unique
individuals.
|
|
Niche Segregation
|
Caused by migration and
subsequent breeding of individuals from one population to another population.
This process causes the allele frequency to change.
|
Darwin’s finches experienced
and adaptive radiation in which the “new” populations each have less resource
overlap and less competition than the original population.
|
|
Exaptation
|
Predator – Prey relationships
cause selection pressure on both populations. Phenotypes that are beneficial are
more likely to survive and reproduce.
|
The red fox lives in
many diverse habitats around the world. It has a lot of individual variation
within each population.
|
|
Pre-adapted Predator
|
A population that has
a reduced realized and fundamental niche due to some type of isolation from
other populations and long history of ecological stability.
|
Melanistic color
alleles have occurred in many species of large cats including leopards and
jaguars and has added to the adaptive potential of these populations.
|
|
Population
|
A population that has
high rates of gene flow, increasing the individual variation within each
population. The fundamental and realized niche include many types of
resources.
|
The evolution of
feathers initially occurred as a mechanism for insulation but became beneficial
in the evolution of flight.
|
|
Natural Selection
|
A change in the genetic
material sequence caused by radiation, mutagenic chemicals, or errors in
meiosis. This causes new alleles in a population, and changes the allele
frequency.
|
Male lions are often
kicked out of the pride they were born into and will join or create a new
pride in order to reproduce.
|
|
Generalist
|
A group of
interbreeding individuals that are the same species living in a defined area.
|
Burmese pythons are a
serious problem in Florida due to the successful adaptations of these
invasive populations
|
|
Naïve prey
|
A reduction in
resource overlap promoted by competition for limited resources, mutualistic
relationships, predation, convenience, or just luck.
|
Stickleback fish that
have more armor are less likely to suffer from predation and will have
increased chance of reproductive success.
|
|
Mutation
|
An existing trait is utilized
for new environmental conditions.
|
The black footed
ferret populations are near extinction due to the reduced quantity of prairie
dogs.
|
|
Allele flow
|
A population is
successful in a “new” location due to the prior co-evolution of these beneficial
traits in a separate location
|
Some fish have
evolved the ability to “fly” due to the pack hunting behavior exhibited by Barracuda.
|
