Exam 2 Review

Zoology 1110 – Exam Review (2)

Students: Below are some of the key terms and concepts we will be discussing in preparation for your first exam. Please remember to read through all your notes, download and study the power points from the professors’ website. Review all related material in your book

Sexual Reproduction & Meiosis

Below is a list of the separate phases of Meiosis(out of order and missing key words).Fill in words give what phase and reorder.

1.       Nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. Each new nucleus is now _______. Sister chromatids no longer identical because of __________.

2.       Nuclear envelope re-forms. Four genetically ___________ cells produced. Cytokinesis follows

3.       Nuclear envelope _______. Homologues closely associated in _________. Crossing over occurs between _________ chromatids at the  _______.

4.        ___ are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. Microtubules are attached to the ____ at each pole of the cell

5.       Nuclear envelopes dissolve. Spindle apparatus forms. Microtubules attach to the ______ of each __________.

6.       ___________ hold homologues together following crossing over. Microtubules attach to each __________. ___________ align at the _________ plate side by side.

7.       Microtubules of _______ shorten _________ are separated from each other. ___________ remain attached at centromeres.

8.       Chromosomes align on the _____________ plate. The sister chromatid are held together at the ___________.

 

Gamete vs. Somatic

·         What is the ploidy of each, and what does that mean?

·         What process formed each type of cell?

·         Where would you find each cell on your body?

Meiosis I vs. Meiosis II

·         Meiosis I is often called a ________ division while Meiosis II resembles a ________division.

·         In Meiosis I homologous chromosomes are held together by a protein called ___________________

·         Genetic recombination occurs between ___________.

·         Meiosis is characterized by what 4 features?

·         If a diploid cell in an animal has 15 homologous pair of chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in each of its gametes?

·         A cell that is producing insulin is in which phase?

·         If a cell begins with 23 homologous pair of chromosomes

o    How many total chromosomes does it have after S-phase (DNA synthesis)?

o    How many chromosomes does it have after Meiosis I? After Meiosis II

Patterns of Inheritance
1.       T/F Most people before the 20^th century believed that because traits transmitted directly from parent to offspring that the inherited “matter” was a blending of traits from the parents.

2.       What kind of characteristics were observed in pea plants

3.       Pea plant studies were advantageous because peas can ________ or ________.

4.       What are the two Laws of Mendelian Genetics?

5.       Mendel’s experiments produced what kind of strains for each trait?

6.       What is the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross?

7.       What type of trait was not seen in F₁ generation of Mendel’s pea plants?

8.       What is the difference between a gene and an allele?

9.       A person who has one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait is called?

10.    If lizard eggs turn female when hot and male when cool does this event change the genotype of the new baby?

11.    What does the Principle of Segregation state?

12.    In what type of cross would you see a 9:3:3:1 ratio?

13.    What does the Principle of Independent Assortment state?

14.    What is the difference between the rule of addition and the rule of multiplication?

15.    A testcross is used to determine what of an individual?

16.    What 3 things did Mendel believe about inheritance that is not usually the case?

17.    Human height and skin color are what type of inheritance?

18.    Sickle Cell Anemia and Cystic Fibrosis are what type of allele phenotypic relationship?

19.    If I have a red flower and a white flower and they produce a pink flower this relationship is called?

20.    Blood type in people and the “roan” color of a cow shows what kind of gene relationship?

21.    When one gene interferes with the expression of another gene it is termed?

22.    What causes the discoloration of a Siamese cat?

Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis-Inheritance Connection

1.       What observations lead to the proposal of the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

2.       Where is the gene for white eyes in Drosophila, colorblind and hemophilia in humans located?

3.       My brother and my father-in-law are both colorblind; no women in my family are colorblind.

a.        What are the chances that one of my sons is colorblind?

b.       What is the genotype of my mother?

c.        What is the genotype of my father-in-law?

d.       What is my genotype?

e.       What are the chances I will have a daughter that is colorblind?

4.       Janice’s mother has type AB blood, and her father has type O blood. What blood types could Janice have?

5.       Smile dimples are controlled by a dominant allele on a single gene. Whitney has smile dimples, but her husband Alberto and son Pedro do not. What is the chance that her next child will have smile dimples?

6.       What type of traits show inheritance patterns that include ratios for sons and daughters?

7.       What is a Barr body?

8.       Females that are heterozygous for genes on the X chromosome are called?

9.       What phenotypes would you expect to see in a cross between a white-eyed female & red-eyed male Drosophila?

10.    What does an egg have that a sperm does not have?

11.    Obtaining information about the distance between genes on a chromosome is called?

Mutations

1.       Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by what type of mutation?

2.       Down Syndrome is caused by what type of mutation?

a.        How many chromosomes do they have?

3.       If one nitrogenous base is deleted what type of mutation has occurred?

4.       What is a nonsense mutation?

5.        Deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation are all considered what type of mutation?

6.       XXY, XO, OY, XYY – name syndrome and specific cause

7.       Prader-Willi and Angelman syndrome are caused by?

8.       Both Chorionic villi sampling and amniocentesis are done on whom?

9.       What chromosome composition could occur in the offspring from a couple where there was normal gamete formation in the female but nondisjunction of the Y chromosome in the male?

DNA: The Genetic Material

1..       The process of dead S strain cells moving into live R strain cells is called?

2.       DNA is building blocks of ________ that creates a ______

a.        What are the 3 parts to this building block?

3.       How many carbons is on the sugar contained in DNA?

4.       What bond is between adjacent building blocks of the DNA?

5.       What bond holds together nitrogenous bases?

6.       Antiparallel describes what relationship of the double helix?

7.       What are the 3 possible mechanisms of DNA replication

a.        Which one is correct?

8.       The Central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows in one direction:

a.        ____ à ____ à ____

9.       Replication - ____ à ____

a.        Includes: initiation at an ___?, elongation where DNA are synthesized by _____?, and termination

10.    Transcription - ____ à ____

11.    Translation - ____ à ____

12.    What is telomerase? Where is it found in large quantities?

13.    Chemicals or physical agents that damage DNA are called

14.    Photorepair usually occurs on what type of DNA damage

15.    What type of repair occurs to correct damaged or mismatched nitrogenous bases?

16.    What functional group is found at the 5’ end of a DNA strand?

Genes & How They Work

1.       Is the one gene – one enzyme hypothesis correct?

2.       Who carries the codon? How many amino acids does the codon code for?

3.       What is the mRNA codon for start?

4.       What is the difference between the template strand and the coding strand?

5.       What enzyme synthesizes RNA from DNA template?

6.       Transcription:

a.        initiation-RNA ____ identifies where to begin transcription

b.       elongation- RNA nucleotides added to the __’ end of new RNA

c.        termination- RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounters ____ in the DNA sequence

7.       Translation:

a.        initiation- mRNA, ____ and ____ come together

b.       elongation- ___ bring amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into the growing ___

c.        termination- ribosome encounters a ____codon and releases polypeptide

8.       What are the 3 main types of RNA?

9.       Other types of RNA include?

10.    RNA polymerase I transcribes ___

11.    RNA polymerase II transcribes ___

12.    RNA polymerase III transcribes ___

13.    These proteins act to bind RNA polymerase to promoter and initiate transcription

14.    What does a eukaryote have to modify before transcription? (3 things)

15.    What is a spliceosome?

16.    What is the difference between introns and exons?

17.    What particles recognize intron and exon boundaries?

18.    Who carries the anticodon loop and what is on it?

19.    Describe differences between the 3 different binding sites?

20.    This enzymatic component of ribosomes forms peptide bonds between amino acids.

21.    What does SRP stand for and what does it bind to

22.    What organelle in the cell recognizes the SRP?

23.    ________ is necessary for evolutionary change of species

Important People

1.       This person studied inherited traits that formed a dominant recessive relationship.

2.       Who developed the Chromosomal theory of inheritance?

3.       Who worked with white eyed Drosophila?

4.       Who had a mutation of hemophilia and passed it onto many royal descendants.

5.       Who found the pathogenic bacterium causing pneumonia?

6.       These 3 people discovered that the material being “shared” was DNA

7.       These 2 people investigated bacteriophages in 1952

8.       What does Chargaff’s rule state?

9.       These 2 people performed X-ray diffraction to identify DNA helical structure

10.    These 2 people proposed a double helix structure in 1953

11.    These 2 people investigated the process of DNA replication and considered 3 possible mechanisms

12.    This person studied alkaptonuria and found patients lacked a particular enzyme

13.    These 2 people studied fungus cell X-rays provide evidence for the function of genes and also proposed the one gene – one enzyme hypothesis

14.    These 2 people determined that DNA is read in sets of 3 nucleotides for each amino acid

15.    Who identified codons that specify each amino acid