Ø Hypothesis
o
Null –
Mountain Dew does not make children hyper
o
Alternative
– Mountain Dew makes children hyper
Ø Inductive vs. Deductive
o
Inductive –
specific to general à used to devise a hypothesis
o
Deductive –
general to specific à used to test a hypothesis
Lab 2: Surface / Volume Ratio
Ø Surface area allows diffusion. Diffusion occurs
across a membrane
Ø As the surface is doubled the volume is cubed
o
This large
increase in volume prohibits diffusion inside the cell
o
Why can
eukaryotes be larger than prokaryotes?
Ø Bergman – The body mass of a warm blooded animal
increases in a colder climate
Ø Allen – Warm blooded animals in colder climates
have shorter limbs than the same animal in warmer climates
Lab 3: Mitosis, Chi-squared
Ø Phases of Mitosis
o
Prophase,
Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
o
Prophase has
the longest duration of the phases in mitosis
o
Anaphase has
the shortest duration of the phases in mitosis
Ø Interphase – not a phase of mitosis
o
G1 – protein
synthesis, RNA synthesis
o
S – DNA
synthesis - creates sister chromatids –
this does NOT make “new” chromosomes but instead only replicates the
chromosomes already present
o
G2 – protein
synthesis
Ø Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm, cell cleavage
Ø Know the null hypothesis vs. the alternative
hypothesis
Ø How do you find the expected number?
Ø Chi-squared = (observed – expected)2/expected
o
If you
observed 5 different phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase,
interphase) what are your degrees of freedom?
Lab 4: Scientific Papers
Ø Know what is included in each of the following
o
Title,
abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and
literature cited
Lab 5: Sigma Plot
Ø Independent Variable goes on the X-axis
Ø Dependent Variable goes on the Y-axis
Ø Scatter Plot vs. Histogram
o
Scatter plot
– is a series of marks usually connected by a line
o
Histogram –
a bar graph
Ø Figure Legend goes below the graph
Lab 6: Data Collection & t-tests
Ø Found that natural sponges hold significantly (this
is why you do a t-test) more water than synthetic sponges
Ø Continuous vs.
Discrete data
o
Continuous –
incremental data including time, weight, temperatures – use a t-test with this
type of data
o
Discrete –
whole numbers, counted data including population numbers, mitosis phases – use
a chi-squared test for this type of data
Lab 7: DNA Isolation
Ø Homogenization – breaks up tissue
Ø Cell Lysis – breaks up the cell phospholipid
bilayer– SDS – Lysis Buffer
Ø Potassium acetate – contains the cell debris in one
location
Ø Centrifuge – 4000 rpm for 30 min – separates the
DNA (Supernatant contains DNA) from the other cell debris (pellet containing
SDS + Cell debris + potassium acetate)
Ø Ethanol – “floats” the DNA
Lab 8: Hardy-Weinberg
Ø Allele/genotype frequencies
o
What does p,
q, p2, 2pq, q2 refer to?
§ p=the percent (in decimal form) of dominant alleles
for a gene in the population
§ q=the percent of recessive alleles for a gene in
the population
§ p2= the percent of the population that
is homozygous dominant
§ 2pq= the percent of the population that is
heterozygous
§ q2= the percent of the population that
is homozygous recessive
Ø A population of cats have one gene that codes for
the fur color as follows:
o
BB=Black –
36% of the population
o
Bb=Black –
48% of the population
o
bb=White –
16% of the population
o
To find the
allele frequency for B - .36+.24 (this is half of the heterozygous percentage
because only half the alleles are B)= .60 or 60%
o
To find the
allele frequency for b - .16+.24=.40 or 40%
o
If you were
only given the information that the allele frequency for b is 40% you would
plug in the numbers like this:
§ p2+2pq+q2
§ every time you see p you plug in the number for the
dominant allele frequency (.60, you get this because you were given the
recessive frequency)
§ every time you see q you plug in the number for the
recessive allele frequency (.40)
§ (.60)2 + 2(.60)(.40) + (.40)2
§ BB=(.60 x .60) 0.36
§ Bb=(2 x .60 x .40) 0.48
§ bb=(.40 x .40) 0.16
Ø Genetic Drift
o
Founder
effect – a small number of individuals from large population move to a new
environment and establish themselves, this new population has less genetic
diversity
o
Bottleneck
effect – a large population is reduced significantly and with this new small
population there is less genetic diversity
Lab 9: Evolution
Ø What were the details of the Dover trial?
Ø Who is Michael Behe?
Ø Why do teachers fight against teaching Intelligent
Design in the classroom?
Ø What is Irreducible Complexity?
Ø What is the chromosomal difference between humans and
chimpanzees?
Lab 10: Bird Foraging Ecology
Ø Niche Partitioning
Ø You should know all the information on this lab
from doing your lab report and lectures in class
Lab 11: Bioethics
Ø Why is this important to understand for science? For
society?
Lab 12: Conserving Biodiversity
Ø Ecology – the study of the interactions between the
biotic and abiotic things of a community
o
Biotic – all
of the living things in a community
§ Factors affecting biotic factors
·
Competition
·
Predation
·
Symbiotic
o
Mutualism,
Commensalism, Parasitism
·
Interference
o
Abiotic –
the nonliving things
§ Factors affecting abiotic conditions
·
Temperature
·
Precipitation
·
Sunlight
·
Soil
nutrients
·
Salinity
·
pH
·
Altitude –
atmospheric pressure
·
Humidity
·
Wind Chill
Ø Keystone species – an organisms who’s absence or
presence alters dramatically the community structure
Ø Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
o
Low disturbance
= low diversity
o
Medium disturbance
= high diversity
o
High
disturbance = low diversity
Ø Field vs. Lab studies – what are advantages and
disadvantages?
Ø Long term vs. Short term studies – what are the
advantages and disadvantages?
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