Exam 1 Review

Zoology 1110 – Exam Review (1)

Students: Please remember to read through all your notes, download and study the power points from the professors’ website.

Chemicals and Molecules

1.       An atom that has 4 protons, 5 neutrons, and 4 electrons is a(n) _____. What one did Dr. Okazaki use in research?

2.       The atomic number of an atom is based on _____

3.       Ionic Bonds: formed by _____ & _____

a.        Loss of an electron = _____ reaction

b.       Gain of an electron = _____ reaction

4.       Covalent Bonds:

a.        Formed by sharing of _____

b.       Creates _____, Example _____

5.       Water formed with a _____ bond, and because it is _____ it also forms _____ bonds with other water molecules

6.       T/F – The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules is called Cohesion

7.       Electrons in the outermost energy level are called _____

8.       Rule that each atom “desires” full outer shell

9.       What 4 elements make up 96.3% of the human body weight?

10.    _____ is a chemical that accepts/releases Hydrogen ions as necessary to keep pH constant

11.    Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic

12.    Acids will _____ protons and have a _____ pH & Bases will _____ protons and have a _____ pH

13.    Where is energy stored, and how is it made available for animals?

14.    _____ are molecules with the same chemical formula

15.    Molecules that are mirror-images of each other?

16.    Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

17.    Important macromolecules:

a.        Carbohydrates: empirical formula _____

                                                               i.      Monomer-

                                                              ii.      Polymer-

1.       Animals build _____, _____

2.       Plants build _____, _____

b.       Lipids: these molecules are _____ in water

                                                               i.      Triglycerides are composed of:

1.       ______ & _____

2.       Saturated vs. Unsaturated

                                                              ii.      Phospholipids are composed of:

1.       _____, _____, and _____

2.       _____ Heads &  _____ Tails

3.       Spontaneously form _____

c.        Proteins: functions include _____ (7 total)

                                                               i.      Monomer: _____ Polymer: _____

                                                              ii.      How many different AA are there?

                                                            iii.      Each AA contains: _______ (4 things)

                                                            iv.      Different structures & Denaturation

                                                              v.      Protein folding is aided by _____

d.       Nucleic Acids: are polymers of _____

                                                               i.      Monomer structure - ____, ____, ____

                                                              ii.      Purines vs. Pyrimidines (1 ring/2 rings)

1.       List all purines and pyrimidines

                                                            iii.      Other monomers: _____, _____, _____

 

Cell Theory, Organelles, and Membranes

1.       List 3 concepts of the Cell Theory

2.       All cells have: _____, _____, and _____

3.       Prokaryotic cells have: ____, _____, _____

a.        Examples: _____, _____

4.       Eukaryotic cells have _____, _____, _____, _____

a.        Cellular structure: (endomembrane system includes what structures)

                                                               i.      Nucleus - _______________________

                                                              ii.      Nucleolus – _____________________

                                                            iii.      Ribosomes – composed of _____, _____

                                                            iv.      Endoplasmic reticulum - _____ & _____

                                                              v.      Golgi apparatus – modification of _____

                                                            vi.      Lysosomes – vesicles containing _____

                                                           vii.      Mitochondrion – structure, own DNA

1.       What is the Endosymbiotic Theory, evidence

                                                         viii.      Cytoskeleton – structural components

1.       9-2 structure

                                                            ix.      Extracellular matrix (ECM)

1.       Connected to cytoplasm via __

5.       What organelles have a double phospholipid bilayer?

6.       This “taxi” provides a way for cellular waste to be transported throughout the cell

7.       Double phospholipid bilayer, cellular respiration

8.       Ribosome synthesis occurs in what part of the cell?

9.       What components are part of the endomembrane system

10.    Volume increases ___ times faster than surface area

11.    4 Components of cellular membranes: ___, ___, ___, ___

12.    Functions of membrane proteins: ____ (listed 6, slide 13)

13.    The movement of molecules through membrane with concentration gradient is _____

14.    Channel proteins vs. Carrier proteins

15.    _____ is the solvent and _____ are the solutes

16.    T/F – Osmosis is the movement of water toward an area of high solute concentration

17.    Hypertonic vs. hypotonic solutions

18.    What element is found in high concentration inside the cell?

19.    This membrane protein is designed to transport water in and out of the cell

20.    A hypertonic solute concentration of plasma will cause a red blood cell to _____

21.    Active transport requires _____ (energy) and ___ proteins moves substances from ____ to ____ concentration

22.    Proteins used in active transport include ____, ____, ____

23.    What is happening with a Sodium-potassium pump

24.    T/F – Facilitated diffusion is a type of active transport

25.    T/F – coupled transport is a type of active transport

26.    Bulk Transport

a.        Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis (how does HIV enter?) 

 

Cell Division

1.       Mixture of DNA and proteins in the nucleus is _____

a.        Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin (this is you)

2.       _____ is a  “picture” of chromosomes of an organism

3.       If you can see condensed sister chromatids what phase have you already passed

4.       _____ holds together sister chromosomes

5.       If the haploid number for a cell is 10, how many chromosomes are in the cell after S phase?

6.       Centromere vs. Kinetochore vs. Centrioles

7.       Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

a.        Interphase: takes up most of the life cycle

                                                               i.      ___ phase

                                                              ii.      ___ phase

                                                            iii.      ___ phase

                                                            iv.      (don’t forget about checkpoints)

b.       Mitosis: why does a cell divide?

                                                               i.      _____phase

                                                              ii.      _____phase

                                                            iii.      _____phase

                                                            iv.      _____phase

                                                              v.      _____phase

c.        Cytokinesis – in animal cells the constriction of _____ filaments produces a ______ _____

d.       Cell cycle control points are called ______ (3)

8.       _____ proteins are produced in synchrony with the cell cycle and help regulate checkpoints

9.       _____ activates proteins removing cohesin

10.    What genes when mutated disturb the cell cycle (2)

 

Metabolism & Cellular Respiration

1.       Kinetic vs. Potential energy

2.       1 calorie = ___________________________________

3.       Energy cannot be created or destroyed is the _______

4.       _____ is disorder in universe (2^nd)

5.       ____ - energy contained in molecules chemical bonds

6.       This substance lowers the activation energy required for a reaction

7.       What bonds are critical in an organic molecule?

8.       What has a ribose, adenine, and three phosphates?

9.       _____ are molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells. Most are _____, and they are not ____ or ____ by the reaction

10.    _____ are RNA with enzymatic abilities

11.    What may cause an enzyme to become denatured?

12.    _____ are molecules that bind to an enzyme to decrease enzyme activity

a.        _____ compete with substrate for binding to the same active site

b.       _____ bind to sites other than the enzymes active site

13.    When your body performs chemical reactions that expend energy to make new chemical bonds

14.    What process is used to extract energy from organic molecules?

15.    Are you an autotroph or a heterotroph?

16.    Give an example of an electron carrier

17.    If the final electron acceptor during respiration is an in organic molecule it is considered _____ and if the final acceptor is an organic molecule it is considered _____

18.    Aerobic respiration produces __ ATP, __ CO₂+__ H₂O

19.    What part of cellular respiration can be done w/out O₂

20.    What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?

a.        _____ - a 10 step biochemical pathway

                                                               i.      Occurs in the _____

                                                              ii.      Forms 2 _____ molecules

                                                            iii.      Produces __ ATP & __ NADH

b.       _____ - when oxygen is present _____ oxidized to _____ which enters à

c.        _____ - occurs in _____ of mitochondria

                                                               i.      9 steps that release ___

                                                              ii.      Produces __ ATP

                                                            iii.      Electron carriers involved? ___, ___

d.       _____ - a series of membrane-bound electron carriers

                                                               i.      Occurs in the _____

                                                              ii.      A _____ ________ established

                                                            iii.      _____ move back to matrix through the ___ ________

                                                            iv.      Produces __ ATP

21.    If methane is a product what type of respiration occurred? What if lactic acid is the product?

22.    _____ occurs in amino acids to remove amino group

a.        Slide #45 gives more info on this

23.    Evolution of Metabolism

a.        Begins with the ability to store ___, and continues in complexity to aerobic respiration

 

Important People

1.       Economist that wrote an essay and inspired Darwins ideas of the struggle for existence

2.       Traveled the world on the Beagle and developed ideas of Natural Selection

3.       Believed in transformational evolution (phenotype à gene products à genotype)

4.       Came up with ideas of natural selection independently

5.       Attributed with the quote “Survival of the Fittest”

6.       Won the Nobel prize for discovery of the double helix

7.       Attributed with x-ray diffraction of the DNA double helix

8.       Supervisor of the lab, won the Nobel prize

9.       Proposed that DNA matter purines always pair with pyrimidines

10.    Proposed the Cell Theory

11.    Proposed Endosymbiosis