Exam 1 Review

Zoology 1110 – Exam Review (1)

Students: Please remember to read through all your notes, download and study the power points from the professors’ website.

Chemicals and Molecules

1.       An atom that has 4 protons, 5 neutrons, and 4 electrons is a(n) _____. What one did Dr. Okazaki use in research?

2.       The atomic number of an atom is based on _____

3.       Ionic Bonds: formed by _____ & _____

a.        Loss of an electron = _____ reaction

b.       Gain of an electron = _____ reaction

4.       Covalent Bonds:

a.        Formed by sharing of _____

b.       Creates _____, Example _____

5.       Water formed with a _____ bond, and because it is _____ it also forms _____ bonds with other water molecules

6.       T/F – The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules is called Cohesion

7.       Electrons in the outermost energy level are called _____

8.       Rule that each atom “desires” full outer shell

9.       What 4 elements make up 96.3% of the human body weight?

10.    _____ is a chemical that accepts/releases Hydrogen ions as necessary to keep pH constant

11.    Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic

12.    Acids will _____ protons and have a _____ pH & Bases will _____ protons and have a _____ pH

13.    Where is energy stored, and how is it made available for animals?

14.    _____ are molecules with the same chemical formula

15.    Molecules that are mirror-images of each other?

16.    Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

17.    Important macromolecules:

a.        Carbohydrates: empirical formula _____

                                                               i.      Monomer-

                                                              ii.      Polymer-

1.       Animals build _____, _____

2.       Plants build _____, _____

b.       Lipids: these molecules are _____ in water

                                                               i.      Triglycerides are composed of:

1.       ______ & _____

2.       Saturated vs. Unsaturated

                                                              ii.      Phospholipids are composed of:

1.       _____, _____, and _____

2.       _____ Heads &  _____ Tails

3.       Spontaneously form _____

c.        Proteins: functions include _____ (7 total)

                                                               i.      Monomer: _____ Polymer: _____

                                                              ii.      How many different AA are there?

                                                            iii.      Each AA contains: _______ (4 things)

                                                            iv.      Different structures & Denaturation

                                                              v.      Protein folding is aided by _____

d.       Nucleic Acids: are polymers of _____

                                                               i.      Monomer structure - ____, ____, ____

                                                              ii.      Purines vs. Pyrimidines (1 ring/2 rings)

1.       List all purines and pyrimidines

                                                            iii.      Other monomers: _____, _____, _____

 

Cell Theory, Organelles, and Membranes

1.       List 3 concepts of the Cell Theory

2.       All cells have: _____, _____, and _____

3.       Prokaryotic cells have: ____, _____, _____

a.        Examples: _____, _____

4.       Eukaryotic cells have _____, _____, _____, _____

a.        Cellular structure: (endomembrane system includes what structures)

                                                               i.      Nucleus - _______________________

                                                              ii.      Nucleolus – _____________________

                                                            iii.      Ribosomes – composed of _____, _____

                                                            iv.      Endoplasmic reticulum - _____ & _____

                                                              v.      Golgi apparatus – modification of _____

                                                            vi.      Lysosomes – vesicles containing _____

                                                           vii.      Mitochondrion – structure, own DNA

1.       What is the Endosymbiotic Theory, evidence

                                                         viii.      Cytoskeleton – structural components

1.       9-2 structure

                                                            ix.      Extracellular matrix (ECM)

1.       Connected to cytoplasm via __

5.       What organelles have a double phospholipid bilayer?

6.       This “taxi” provides a way for cellular waste to be transported throughout the cell

7.       Double phospholipid bilayer, cellular respiration

8.       Ribosome synthesis occurs in what part of the cell?

9.       What components are part of the endomembrane system

10.    Volume increases ___ times faster than surface area

11.    4 Components of cellular membranes: ___, ___, ___, ___

12.    Functions of membrane proteins: ____ (listed 6, slide 13)

13.    The movement of molecules through membrane with concentration gradient is _____

14.    Channel proteins vs. Carrier proteins

15.    _____ is the solvent and _____ are the solutes

16.    T/F – Osmosis is the movement of water toward an area of high solute concentration

17.    Hypertonic vs. hypotonic solutions

18.    What element is found in high concentration inside the cell?

19.    This membrane protein is designed to transport water in and out of the cell

20.    A hypertonic solute concentration of plasma will cause a red blood cell to _____

21.    Active transport requires _____ (energy) and ___ proteins moves substances from ____ to ____ concentration

22.    Proteins used in active transport include ____, ____, ____

23.    What is happening with a Sodium-potassium pump

24.    T/F – Facilitated diffusion is a type of active transport

25.    T/F – coupled transport is a type of active transport

26.    Bulk Transport

a.        Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis (how does HIV enter?) 

 

Cell Division

1.       Mixture of DNA and proteins in the nucleus is _____

a.        Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin (this is you)

2.       _____ is a  “picture” of chromosomes of an organism

3.       If you can see condensed sister chromatids what phase have you already passed

4.       _____ holds together sister chromosomes

5.       If the haploid number for a cell is 10, how many chromosomes are in the cell after S phase?

6.       Centromere vs. Kinetochore vs. Centrioles

7.       Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

a.        Interphase: takes up most of the life cycle

                                                               i.      ___ phase

                                                              ii.      ___ phase

                                                            iii.      ___ phase

                                                            iv.      (don’t forget about checkpoints)

b.       Mitosis: why does a cell divide?

                                                               i.      _____phase

                                                              ii.      _____phase

                                                            iii.      _____phase

                                                            iv.      _____phase

                                                              v.      _____phase

c.        Cytokinesis – in animal cells the constriction of _____ filaments produces a ______ _____

d.       Cell cycle control points are called ______ (3)

8.       _____ proteins are produced in synchrony with the cell cycle and help regulate checkpoints

9.       _____ activates proteins removing cohesin

10.    What genes when mutated disturb the cell cycle (2)

 

Metabolism & Cellular Respiration

1.       Kinetic vs. Potential energy

2.       1 calorie = ___________________________________

3.       Energy cannot be created or destroyed is the _______

4.       _____ is disorder in universe (2^nd)

5.       ____ - energy contained in molecules chemical bonds

6.       This substance lowers the activation energy required for a reaction

7.       What bonds are critical in an organic molecule?

8.       What has a ribose, adenine, and three phosphates?

9.       _____ are molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells. Most are _____, and they are not ____ or ____ by the reaction

10.    _____ are RNA with enzymatic abilities

11.    What may cause an enzyme to become denatured?

12.    _____ are molecules that bind to an enzyme to decrease enzyme activity

a.        _____ compete with substrate for binding to the same active site

b.       _____ bind to sites other than the enzymes active site

13.    When your body performs chemical reactions that expend energy to make new chemical bonds

14.    What process is used to extract energy from organic molecules?

15.    Are you an autotroph or a heterotroph?

16.    Give an example of an electron carrier

17.    If the final electron acceptor during respiration is an in organic molecule it is considered _____ and if the final acceptor is an organic molecule it is considered _____

18.    Aerobic respiration produces __ ATP, __ CO₂+__ H₂O

19.    What part of cellular respiration can be done w/out O₂

20.    What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?

a.        _____ - a 10 step biochemical pathway

                                                               i.      Occurs in the _____

                                                              ii.      Forms 2 _____ molecules

                                                            iii.      Produces __ ATP & __ NADH

b.       _____ - when oxygen is present _____ oxidized to _____ which enters à

c.        _____ - occurs in _____ of mitochondria

                                                               i.      9 steps that release ___

                                                              ii.      Produces __ ATP

                                                            iii.      Electron carriers involved? ___, ___

d.       _____ - a series of membrane-bound electron carriers

                                                               i.      Occurs in the _____

                                                              ii.      A _____ ________ established

                                                            iii.      _____ move back to matrix through the ___ ________

                                                            iv.      Produces __ ATP

21.    If methane is a product what type of respiration occurred? What if lactic acid is the product?

22.    _____ occurs in amino acids to remove amino group

a.        Slide #45 gives more info on this

23.    Evolution of Metabolism

a.        Begins with the ability to store ___, and continues in complexity to aerobic respiration

 

Important People

1.       Economist that wrote an essay and inspired Darwins ideas of the struggle for existence

2.       Traveled the world on the Beagle and developed ideas of Natural Selection

3.       Believed in transformational evolution (phenotype à gene products à genotype)

4.       Came up with ideas of natural selection independently

5.       Attributed with the quote “Survival of the Fittest”

6.       Won the Nobel prize for discovery of the double helix

7.       Attributed with x-ray diffraction of the DNA double helix

8.       Supervisor of the lab, won the Nobel prize

9.       Proposed that DNA matter purines always pair with pyrimidines

10.    Proposed the Cell Theory

11.    Proposed Endosymbiosis

 

SI - 2.1.13

Sorry again that I won't be able to hold an SI session tomorrow (Feb. 2) but hopefully this post and the one that I just posted about Membranes and Cell Structure can help.

Today at SI we discussed the Mitochondria and it's importance in Cellular Respiration. Below is a picture that I copied from www.ravenbiology.com

From this picture you should be able to study aerobic respiration try to answer these questions:
What are the 3 steps of Aerobic Respiration?
Where does each of them happen (what part of the cell/mitochondria)?
How many ATP does this part of respiration make?
What molecule enters the Kreb's cycle?
How many total ATP do you get from one molecule of glucose when oxygen is present?
If oxygen is not present what happens?
How many ATP can you get from this type of respiration?
What do animals build up if they don't have sufficent amounts of oxygen present? - think of Dr. Okazaki's story of cross country racing.

You should practice drawing this several times, and without looking at a book label the important steps and other important information.

We also talked about the people that have been mentioned thus far during lecture, below is a list of the different people followed by a list of the things you should know about them. The lists are not in the same order so you will have to match up who did what. Good Luck! Don't hesitate to leave a comment if you have any questions.

·         Singer & Nicolson

·         Gorter & Grendel

·         Margulies

·         Schleiden & Schwann

·         Watson & Crick

·         Wilkins

·         Franklin

·         Chargoff

·         Wallace

·         Spencer

·         Malthus

·         Darwin

·         Lamarck

·         Economist that wrote an essay and inspired Darwins ideas of the struggle for existence

·         Traveled the world on the Beagle and developed ideas of Natural Selection

·         Believed in transformational evolution (phenotype à gene products à genotype)

·         Came up with ideas of natural selection independently

·         Attributed with the quote “Survival of the Fittest”

·         Won the Nobel prize for discovery of the double helix

·         Attributed with x-ray diffraction of the DNA double helix

·         Supervisor of the lab, won the Nobel prize

·         Proposed that DNA matter purines always pair with pyrimidines

·         Proposed the Cell Theory

·         Proposed Endosymbiosis

·         Proposed the bilayer model in 1925

·         Proposed a new bilayer model with proteins embedded in 1972

Oganelles and Membranes Handout

Below is a copy of a handout that may help in studying for Exam 1

CELL ORGANELLES

Major Types of Organelles

Organelles are small, specialized structures within eukaryotic cells.  Each has a particular function or set of functions that it carries out within the cell.  The name literally means “little organ” to indicate that organelles are to cells what organs are to whole organisms.  Different cell types can differ in their proportions of certain types of organelles depending on what the function of that cell type is.  The size, shape, and internal structure of organelles are strongly related to what they do within the cell.  Organelles demonstrate the unifying theme that states, “the relationship between structure an function underlies living systems.”

1. Plasma membrane: All cells, even those of prokaryotes, are surrounded by a membrane. This structure serves the “gatekeeper” function of the cell.  Its chemical composition is that of the lipid bilayer, which is two molecules thick.  Each phospholipid molecule has an inward pointing hydrophobic (water fleeing) tail and an outward pointing hydrophilic (water attracting) head.  One head is oriented toward that outside of the cell and the other toward the cell interior.  The two tails are sandwiched between the two heads. The text describes this in the context of the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes.

The chemistry of life occurs in water and the structure of the plasma membrane reflects the interaction of these phospholipids molecules with water.  A good demonstration of this is the behavior of oil when placed in water.  The oil molecules are hydrophobic and individual molecules are organized into droplets surrounded by the water medium.

Other structural features of the membrane include their many transmembrane proteins, interior proteins, and cell surface markers that are related to the many specialized processes that happen on or across the membrane.  Animal cells also incorporate cholesterol to provide more structure.

Plant cells, for example, do not contain cholesterol, which is the reason that food labels for peanut butter, plant oils, crackers, bread, etc. do not show cholesterol as an ingredient.  The comparable molecules in plant membranes are phytosterols, which we metabolized differently than cholesterol and which do not add to cholesterol levels in our diet.

Membrane transport processes:

1. Passive transport processes: These do not require energy expenditure on the part of the cell.

• Diffusion:  The movement of nonpolar (uncharged) organic molecules (such as steroid hormones) and of some common, small molecules like CO₂, O₂, and CO occurs directly by diffusion.  The direction of diffusion is determined by the concentration gradient across the membrane.  The net movement of diffusing molecules is from the higher to the lower concentration

• Ion diffusion: Cation (+) and anion (-) diffuse through specific ion channels that are made across the membrane by transport processes.  As with 1. above, the net movement is determined by differences in concentration. 

• Osmosis:  This process is the diffusion of free water across the selectively permeable plasma membrane.  Because water moves more freely than ions, its movement is the primary passive process equalizing the concentration of ions on either side of the membrane.  The net movement of water is from where ions are least concentrated to where ions are most concentrated.   The terms hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solution are relevant here.  We will consider these terms in the first lab exercise.  It has recently become known that the movement of water during osmosis occurs through specialized protein channels called aquaporins

2. Active Transport Processes: These are transport processes that do require the cell to expend energy in the form of ATP.  The energy in ATP is stored in the covalent bonds of this molecule and is “spent” when the energy is needed to power a cell processes.  ATP is produced by the oxidative respiration process associated with the mitochondria, where the chemical bond energy from food in the form of glucose is transferred to ATP molecules.

• Protein carriers:  These molecules allow for the transmembrane movement of materials against the concentration gradient.  The sodium (Na+)-potassium (K+) pump is such a carrier.  It is estimated that 1/3 of the energy in an animal cell that is not currently dividing is used by this process. 

• Coupled transport systems:  This form of active transport involves moving a molecule against its concentration gradient by using the energy stored in the accumulated gradient of another molecule.

Processes 3. – 5. all involve the bulk transport of molecules across the plasma membrane.

 

3. Endocytosis: In this process, particles are engulfed by the membrane and transported into the cell. An example of where this type of process would occur is in immune system cells that engulf foreign particles like bacterial cells.

4. Pinocytosis:  This is like 3. above except that liquid is engulfed instead of a solid particles.  Egg cells that are “nursed” by other cells take in needed liquid nutrients by this process.

5. Exocytosis: This is the reverse of endocytosis/pinocytosis.  Hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes that are produced by specialized cells are released into the blood stream or other location by this process.

The details above have mostly to do with the structure of plasma membranes with respect to the function of moving materials across the membrane.  Other key features of membranes include cell surface markers that may be glycoproteins and glycolipids that are involved in the body’s “self-recognition” and in the recognition of particular tissue types, e.g., the surface antigens that determine the A, B, O blood types.  Also, the interactions between cells, such as those that occur in the same tissue, are determined by membrane proteins that facilitate cell-to-cell adhesion.

 

2. Cytoplasm: This is not an organelle per se but a region of the cell that is commonly referred to.  The cytoplasm is simply the cell material inside of the plasma membrane, but outside of the nucleus.

 

3. Nucleus:  This is generally the largest organelle in the cell and holds an organism’s genetic instructions in the form of DNA.  The DNA is contained in structures called chromosomes, which we’ll look at in detail during the genetics section of the course.  Mitosis and meiosis are each nuclear (of the nucleus) division processes that we’ll cover later in this section of the course.  The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane and has small opening, nuclear pores, through which certain materials may pass.  The process of transcription that makes a copy of gene that is then transported to the cytoplasm.

 

4. Ribosomes:  Made of an RNA-protein complex these organelles are the site of protein synthesis.  In eukaryotes, they are associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (see description below).  Ribosomes have been called “universal machines” because they also occur in the prokaryotic cells, where they are also involved in protein synthesis.

 

5. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): this is a sheet-like organelle composed of a phospholipids bilayer (like the plasma membrane) and studded with proteins.

 

1. Rough ER:  This type of ER is associated with the presence of ribosomes and is the site of protein synthesis, a topic covered in the second part of the course.

 

2. Smooth ER:  This type of ER is the site of carbohydrate and lipid synthesis.  The ratio of smooth ER/rough ER in a cell depends on the function of that cell.  In the liver, smooth ER is involved in the detoxification processes.

6. Golgi apparatus: The is the collective name of the individual units that comprise it, the Golgi bodies.  It is named for the Italian physiologist who first described the organelle.  Within the cell, the Golgi apparatus is the site of collection, packaging, and distribution of the molecules that are synthesized in the ER and used elsewhere in the cell or outside of the cell. 

 

The nucleus, ER, and Golgi bodies interact closely in the production of biomolecules: Genetic instructions in the nucleus code directly for the production of a protein, or indirectly for the production of a carbohydrate or lipid.  The molecules are produced on the smooth or rough ER and then moved to the Golgi apparatus.  After being packaged into small vesicles, these molecules are transported to other cell locations or moved across the plasma membrane and into the bloodstream by exocytosis.  Vesicles themselves are small, membrane-bound sacs.

 

7.Lysosomes:  These are membrane-bound organelles that have a digestive function within the cell; lysosomes arise from the Golgi apparatus.  Their primary role is the enzymatic degradation of biomolecules—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids—and phagocytized cells.  The degradation of phagocytized cells would take place, for example, in the white blood cells of the immune system.

 

8. Mitochondria:  Mitochondria are the site of oxidative respiration in cells.  During this process, which requires O₂ and produces CO₂ as a by-product, the energy in the chemical bonds of glucose molecules are (partially) converted into the chemical bond energy of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the universal currency of energy that cells use to power cellular processes, such as active transport and biomolecule synthesis.  This process is only about 30% efficient with the remainder of the energy contained in the glucose molecule bonds lost as heat, as dictated by the second law of thermodynamics.  Cellular respiration is closely tied to what we normally refer to as “respiration” in that the need for acquiring O₂ and getting rid of CO₂ when breathing stems from this process associated with the mitochondrion.

 

Metabolically active cells, like those in the liver or muscle, can have hundreds of individual mitochondria.  On average, individual mitochondria are replaced once every 10 days or so.  There are a number of well-understood medical conditions that result from faulty mitochondrial metablolism.  For example, a lethal condition found in infants, cardioencephalomyopathy, results from a genetic change that disrupts normal mitochondrial function.  A free-living bacterium (Paracoccus denitrificans) that resembles mitochondria now serves as a research model for understanding the underlying cause of this disease.

 

Mitochondrial structure provides important insights into the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic (bacterial) cells.  They bear a strong resemblance to bacterial cells in that they have their own circular DNA, are capable of division, and are of comparable size.  We will continue with this idea in considering the endosymbiont theory as part of the next cell topic.

 

9.Cytoskeleton: This network of protein microfilaments and microtubules serves as a type of cell

“scaffolding” within the cytoplasm.  It contributes to cell shape, the anchoring of organelles within the cytoplasm, and the movement of cells (cell motility).  Microtubules called spindle fibers are also critical in the process of cell division, the final topic in this section on cell biology.

 

10. Centrioles:  These are found in animal (but not plant) and in certain other cells.  Located in the cytoplasm, this organelle divides and organizes spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis.

 

11.Chloroplasts: Though not present in animal cells, these organelles of plants and algae are critical to animals because of their role in fixing carbon during the process of photosynthesis.

All of the world’s major food chains are dependent upon the transformation of solar energy into chemical bond energy.  Chloroplasts are responsible for producing this chemical bond energy, in the form of carbohydrates, from water, CO₂, and sunlight.

 

Like mitochondria, chloroplasts are the size of bacteria, surrounded by a double membrane, capable of reproducing by fission (splitting) and have their own circular DNA.

 

12. Cell wall:  Like chloroplasts, this cellular structure is not present in animal cells but has great importance to animals.  The chemical composition of cell walls includes cellulose, a structural carbohydrate.  Plant material containing cellulose is generally not digestible to animals because they lack the ability to produce cellulase, the digestive enzyme that degrades cellulose.  Animals that eat a diet high in cellulose must rely on bacterial or protist symbionts to aid in the digestion of cellulose.  The “roughage” present in human diets is partly cellulose.

 

13. Cilia and flagella:  These are extracellular (outside the cell) structures attached to the cell.  Their fine structure indicates that they contain cytoplasm and are surrounded by plasma membrane, despite extending beyond the general boundary of the plasma membrane.  In vertebrates, ciliated cells (e.g., in the respiratory tract or the inner ear) are involved in many important physiological and sensory processes.  Animal sperm cells, once ejaculated, are propelled by a flagellum.

 

 

SI 1.19.13

Scientific Method / Natural Selection

1. What are the steps of the Scientific Method
2. What was Darwin's evidence of Natural Selection
3. What is "new" supporting evidence of Natural Selection
4. What year was the Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection proposed
5. What are emergent properties
6. Inductive vs. Deductive
1. Which is used to propose a hypothesis
2. Which gathers information that is very specific and then relates it to something very general
7. What is a theory
8. Give an example of homologous structures
9. Give an example of analogous structures

Chemical Bonds

1. What type of bond involves the  sharing of electrons and is very strong
2. This rule states that each atom "desires" a full outer shell
1. What are the electrons called that are in the outer shell
3. What do you call a chemical that can accept or release hydrogen ions as needed
4. What do you call it when water molecules stick to other water molecules
5. This type of atom has had an electron either removed or added. If added it has gone through     a(n) _____ reaction and is called a(n) ______. If removed then it has gone through a(n) _______ reaction and is called a(n) ______.
6. What are the 4 important elements in your body?
7. A water molecule is considered to be a ________ molecule
8. This type of bond is weak and is caused by the partial charge of hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule
9. How many naturally occurring elements are there
10. Where is the energy in a molecule
11. This type of bond involves atoms that have had electrons removed or added
12. Something that has a high concentration of hydrogen ions is considered _______
13. An atom that has a different number of neutrons compared to protons is a(n) ______
 

Important People

1. This person is attributed with taking X-rays of the double helix known as DNA
2. Darwin described this persons ideas as the "struggle for existence"
3. This person came up with ideas of natural selection independently from Darwin
4. This person came up with the quote "Survival of the Fittest"
5. What was the name of the boat that Darwin traveled on
6. This person believed that "inheritance of acquired characteristics" led to changes in organisms over time
7. Who's rule describes the relationship of purines and pyrimidines
8. These 3 people won the Nobel prize for discovering the double helix

Organic Molecules

1. What bonds are critical in an organic molecule
2. What molecule has a 6 carbon ring
3. What molecule forms a protein when built into a large structure
4. If a living thing makes starch out of carbohydrates it is a(n)
5. If a molecule has gone through hydrolysis what has happened
6. What are 2 types of lipids we covered in class
7. How many different amino acids are there
8. What are the components of a nucleotide
9. What can cause a protein to denature
10. What two components make up a triglyceride
11. What structure does hemoglobin have
12. What carbohydrate do animals make that provides support
13. What is the empirical formula of a carbohydrate
14. Which molecule stores the most energy
15. What are the 5 different nitrogenous bases that could be on a nucleic acid

SI - 1.15.13

People of Science

 

Below is a list of names that we have discussed thus far. Try to match the descriptive terms with each person.

 

People:

Charles Darwin

Alfred Russel Wallace

Thomas Malthus

Herbert Spencer

Dr. Okazaki

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

 

Descriptions:

Inspired Darwin's work to include the "struggle for existence" as a part of natural selection

"Differential survival and reproduction"

Did a lot of field work throughout his lifetime

"Descent with modification

A statistician

Believed that evolution occurred through "acquired characteristics"

Proposed Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection

Wrote an "Essay on the principle of population"

Known for the term "Survival of the Fittest"

Took a trip on the Beagle around the world

Came up with ideas of Natural Selection independently of Darwin

 

 

Thought Questions

What type of reasoning is used to create a hypothesis?

What type of reasoning is used to test a hypothesis?

Is the term "theory" the same as hypothesis?

How does Natural Selection Occur?

Is Natural Selection the only way evolution occurs?

What evidence supports Darwin's original ideas of Natural Selection?

What is the strongest type of chemical bond?

What is an isotope?

What isotope did Dr. Okazaki use in biological experiments?

What is the weakest type of chemical bond?

What bond holds together a water molecule?

What particle within an atom has a negative charge?

 

Atoms and Chemical Bonds

Draw the following molecules and compounds and then label any bonds, or ions with the appropriate type. Circle the nucleus and place appropriate charge symbols on atomic particles. Draw a star over the valence electrons. Indicate the atomic number and atomic mass of each element used. You may need to look at a periodic table to find out how many protons each element has.

 

Salt (Na Cl)

Nitrogen Gas Molecule

Water Molecule

2 Water Molecules bonded

Deuterium

Tritium







Welcome to my blog

Welcome to my blog!

I will be using this blog to post information given during SI sessions, and also any exam reviews that are held. Occasionally I may update with thought questions or other relevent information that may help you in this course. Please don't hesitate to ask any questions you may have about information posted here, and good luck this semester.

Nickole Brooks
SI - Zoology 1110