Zoology 1110 – Exam
Review (2)
Students: Below are some of the key terms
and concepts we will be discussing in preparation for your first exam. Please
remember to read through all your notes, download and study the power points
from the professors’ website. Review all related material in your book
Sexual Reproduction & Meiosis
Below is a list of the separate phases of
Meiosis(out of order and missing key words).Fill in words give what phase and
reorder.
1.
Nuclear
envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. Each new nucleus is now _______.
Sister chromatids no longer identical because of __________.
2.
Nuclear
envelope re-forms. Four genetically ___________ cells produced. Cytokinesis
follows
3.
Nuclear
envelope _______. Homologues closely associated in _________. Crossing over
occurs between _________ chromatids at the
_______.
4.
___ are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. Microtubules
are attached to the ____ at each pole of the cell
5.
Nuclear
envelopes dissolve. Spindle apparatus forms. Microtubules attach to the ______
of each __________.
6.
___________
hold homologues together following crossing over. Microtubules attach to each
__________. ___________ align at the _________ plate side by side.
7.
Microtubules
of _______ shorten _________ are separated from each other. ___________ remain
attached at centromeres.
8.
Chromosomes
align on the _____________ plate. The sister chromatid are held together at the
___________.
Gamete vs. Somatic
·
What is the
ploidy of each, and what does that mean?
·
What process
formed each type of cell?
·
Where would
you find each cell on your body?
Meiosis I
vs. Meiosis II
·
Meiosis I
is often called a ________ division while Meiosis II resembles a
________division.
·
In Meiosis
I homologous chromosomes are held together by a protein called
___________________
·
Genetic
recombination occurs between ___________.
·
Meiosis is
characterized by what 4 features?
·
If a
diploid cell in an animal has 15 homologous pair of chromosomes, how many
chromosomes will be in each of its gametes?
·
A cell that
is producing insulin is in which phase?
·
If a cell
begins with 23 homologous pair of chromosomes
o
How many
total chromosomes does it have after S-phase (DNA synthesis)?
o
How many
chromosomes does it have after Meiosis I? After Meiosis II
Patterns of Inheritance
1. T/F Most people before the 20th century believed that because traits transmitted directly from parent to offspring that the inherited “matter” was a blending of traits from the parents.
1. T/F Most people before the 20th century believed that because traits transmitted directly from parent to offspring that the inherited “matter” was a blending of traits from the parents.
2.
What kind
of characteristics were observed in pea plants
3.
Pea plant
studies were advantageous because peas can ________ or ________.
4.
What are
the two Laws of Mendelian Genetics?
5.
Mendel’s
experiments produced what kind of strains for each trait?
6.
What is the
difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross?
7.
What type
of trait was not seen in F1 generation of Mendel’s pea plants?
8.
What is the
difference between a gene and an allele?
9.
A person
who has one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait is called?
10.
If lizard
eggs turn female when hot and male when cool does this event change the
genotype of the new baby?
11.
What does
the Principle of Segregation state?
12.
In what
type of cross would you see a 9:3:3:1 ratio?
13.
What does
the Principle of Independent Assortment state?
14.
What is the
difference between the rule of addition and the rule of multiplication?
15.
A testcross
is used to determine what of an individual?
16.
What 3
things did Mendel believe about inheritance that is not usually the case?
17.
Human
height and skin color are what type of inheritance?
18.
Sickle Cell
Anemia and Cystic Fibrosis are what type of allele phenotypic relationship?
19.
If I have a
red flower and a white flower and they produce a pink flower this relationship
is called?
20.
Blood type
in people and the “roan” color of a cow shows what kind of gene relationship?
21.
When one
gene interferes with the expression of another gene it is termed?
22.
What causes
the discoloration of a Siamese cat?
Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis-Inheritance
Connection
2.
Where is
the gene for white eyes in Drosophila, colorblind and hemophilia in humans
located?
3.
My brother
and my father-in-law are both colorblind; no women in my family are colorblind.
a.
What are
the chances that one of my sons is colorblind?
b.
What is the
genotype of my mother?
c.
What is the
genotype of my father-in-law?
d.
What is my
genotype?
e.
What are the
chances I will have a daughter that is colorblind?
4.
Janice’s
mother has type AB blood, and her father has type O blood. What blood types
could Janice have?
5.
Smile
dimples are controlled by a dominant allele on a single gene. Whitney has smile
dimples, but her husband Alberto and son Pedro do not. What is the chance that
her next child will have smile dimples?
6.
What type
of traits show inheritance patterns that include ratios for sons and daughters?
7.
What is a
Barr body?
8.
Females
that are heterozygous for genes on the X chromosome are called?
9.
What
phenotypes would you expect to see in a cross between a white-eyed female &
red-eyed male Drosophila?
10.
What does
an egg have that a sperm does not have?
11.
Obtaining
information about the distance between genes on a chromosome is called?
Mutations
1. Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by what type
of mutation?
2. Down Syndrome is caused by what type of
mutation?
a.
How many
chromosomes do they have?
3. If one nitrogenous base is deleted what
type of mutation has occurred?
4. What is a nonsense mutation?
5. Deletion, duplication, inversion, and
translocation are all considered what type of mutation?
6. XXY, XO, OY, XYY – name syndrome and
specific cause
7. Prader-Willi and Angelman syndrome are
caused by?
8. Both Chorionic villi sampling and
amniocentesis are done on whom?
9. What chromosome composition could occur
in the offspring from a couple where there was normal gamete formation in the
female but nondisjunction of the Y chromosome in the male?
DNA: The Genetic Material
1..
The process
of dead S strain cells moving into live R strain cells is called?
2.
DNA is
building blocks of ________ that creates a ______
a.
What are
the 3 parts to this building block?
3.
How many
carbons is on the sugar contained in DNA?
4.
What bond
is between adjacent building blocks of the DNA?
5.
What bond
holds together nitrogenous bases?
6.
Antiparallel
describes what relationship of the double helix?
7.
What are
the 3 possible mechanisms of DNA replication
a.
Which one
is correct?
8. The Central dogma of molecular biology states
that information flows in one direction:
a.
____ à ____ à ____
9. Replication - ____ à ____
a.
Includes:
initiation at an ___?, elongation where DNA are synthesized by _____?, and
termination
10. Transcription - ____ à ____
11. Translation - ____ à ____
12. What is telomerase? Where is it found in large
quantities?
13.
Chemicals
or physical agents that damage DNA are called
14.
Photorepair
usually occurs on what type of DNA damage
15.
What type
of repair occurs to correct damaged or mismatched nitrogenous bases?
16.
What
functional group is found at the 5’ end of a DNA strand?
Genes & How They Work
2.
Who carries
the codon? How many amino acids does the codon code for?
3.
What is the
mRNA codon for start?
4.
What is the
difference between the template strand and the coding strand?
5.
What enzyme
synthesizes RNA from DNA template?
6.
Transcription:
a.
initiation-RNA
____ identifies where to begin transcription
b.
elongation-
RNA nucleotides added to the __’ end of new RNA
c.
termination-
RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounters ____ in the DNA sequence
7.
Translation:
a.
initiation-
mRNA, ____ and ____ come together
b.
elongation-
___ bring amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into the growing ___
c.
termination-
ribosome encounters a ____codon and releases polypeptide
8.
What are
the 3 main types of RNA?
9.
Other types
of RNA include?
10.
RNA
polymerase I transcribes ___
11.
RNA
polymerase II transcribes ___
12.
RNA
polymerase III transcribes ___
13.
These
proteins act to bind RNA polymerase to promoter and initiate transcription
14.
What does a
eukaryote have to modify before transcription? (3 things)
15.
What is a
spliceosome?
16.
What is the
difference between introns and exons?
17.
What
particles recognize intron and exon boundaries?
18.
Who carries
the anticodon loop and what is on it?
19.
Describe
differences between the 3 different binding sites?
20.
This
enzymatic component of ribosomes forms peptide bonds between amino acids.
21.
What does
SRP stand for and what does it bind to
22.
What
organelle in the cell recognizes the SRP?
23.
________ is
necessary for evolutionary change of species
Important People
2. Who developed the Chromosomal theory of
inheritance?
3. Who worked with white eyed Drosophila?
4. Who had a mutation of hemophilia and passed it
onto many royal descendants.
5. Who found the pathogenic bacterium causing
pneumonia?
6. These 3 people discovered that the material
being “shared” was DNA
7. These 2 people investigated bacteriophages in
1952
8. What does Chargaff’s rule state?
9. These 2 people performed X-ray diffraction to
identify DNA helical structure
10. These 2 people proposed a double helix
structure in 1953
11. These 2 people investigated the process of DNA
replication and considered 3 possible mechanisms
12. This person studied alkaptonuria and found
patients lacked a particular enzyme
13. These 2 people studied fungus cell X-rays
provide evidence for the function of genes and also proposed the one gene – one
enzyme hypothesis
14. These 2 people determined that DNA is read in
sets of 3 nucleotides for each amino acid
15. Who identified codons that specify each amino
acid
